During the past four decades, the obesity rate for children ages 6 to 11 has more than
quadrupled (from 4.2% to 17%), and it has more than tripled for adolescents ages 12 to 19
(from 4.6% to 17.6%).1, 2 Regular physical activity can reduce the risk for obesity and help
people lead longer, healthier lives. Yet studies show that less than half of U.S. children and
adolescents meet the recommended guidelines of at least 60 minutes of daily moderateto-
vigorous physical activity.3–5 The same studies indicate that less than 10 percent of adults
in the U.S. get the recommended 30 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity
per day.6–8
Walking and bicycling for daily transportation are important sources of physical
activity, but they have declined dramatically over the past few decades. Between 1977
and 1995,a the number of all walking trips decreased by 32 percent, and there was a similar
decrease in trips made by adults walking to work.9 Adults walk for only 21.2 percent of
trips that are one mile or less, and children walk for only 35.9 percent of trips to school
that distance.10 Reversing the decline in rates of walking and biking for transportation,
especially for short trips, presents a major opportunity for improving health among
children, adolescents and adults.
Transportation investments can either support or impede walking and bicycling in
neighborhoods and near schools, depending on how they are implemented. Evidence
is accumulating about how infrastructure improvements, programs that aim to manage
neighborhood road traffic, and efforts to make streets and sidewalks safer for active travel
influence travel patterns among both children and adults. This research brief presents
an overview of findings demonstrating the potential impact of infrastructure investments
and other transportation programs on walking and bicycling for transportation, and on
related health outcomes. It focuses on public transit, greenways and trails, school-related
infrastructure and programs, pedestrian and bicycle facilities, and efforts to manage
car traffic.
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